Otosclerosis

Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the bones of hearing and bone labyrinth capsule. Otosclerosis is a disease of bone in the middle ear especially the stirrup caused new bone formation spongiosus and around the window so it can ovalis fixation resulted in an the stirrup. (Brunner & Sudarth, 2001) Etiology a. The cause of otosclerosis is still not clear (idiopathic) b. Opinions are generally inherited autosomal dominant. c. Scientific evidence which states that measles virus infection affect otosclerosis. d. Some argue that chronic measles infection in the bone predisposes affected patients to otosclerosis. virus material can be found in osteoblasts in sclerotic lesions.  Pathophysiology of otosclerosis is very complex. The primary...

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Mastoiditis

Mastoiditis is any inflammatory process in the mastoid cells located in the temporal bone is inadequate. Mastoiditis is a secondary disease of untreated otitis media. Mastoiditis occurred due to Streptococcus ß hemoliticus / pneumococcus. Also lacking in the hygiene of the ear such as entry of water into the ear and bacteria that enter and nesting that can cause respiratory tract infections. On examination of the ear will show that there is a foul-smelling pus due to respiratory tract infections. Mastoiditis is the result of a long infection of the middle ear, bacterial mastoiditis usually obtained in the same bacteria found in middle ear infections. Gram-negative bacteria and Streptococcus aureus is a bacterium most often found in these infections....

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Hearing Disorders Due to Noise

Definition Noise is a sound or noise that bothers or undesirable. From this definition suggests that the actual noise is very subjective, depending on each individual, time and place of occurrence of noise. While in audiology, noise is a mixture of pure tone sound with different frequencies. Hearing disability caused by work (occupational deafness / noise induced hearing loss) is the loss of the entire hearing sebahagian or someone who is a permanent, on one or both ears caused by the continuous noisy workplace environment. In industrial environments, the higher the intensity noise and the longer time noise exposure experienced by the workers, the more severe hearing loss inflicted on these workers.  Etiology Factors that affect the noise...

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ANATOMY OF EAR

The ear is divided into 3 parts, the outer ear, middle and deep. a. Outer ear The outer ear consists of the ear, ear canal to the tympanic membrane. The auricle consists of cartilage and skin elastin. S-shaped ear canal, with a framework of cartilage in the outer third, while two-thirds of it consists of bone, its length is approximately 2 ½ - 3 cm. In the outer third of the ear canal skin there are a lot of cerumen glands (modified sweat glands = cerumen glands) and hair. Sweat glands found in the skin of the ear canal. In two-thirds of the cerumen glands are not found. b. Middle ear Cube-shaped middle ear tympanic membrane with the outer border; front boundary eustachius tuba; lower limit jugular vein (bulbus jugularis); rear boundary...

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Skin disease Impetigo

DEFINITION Impetigo is a skin infection that causes the formation of small blisters containing pus (pustules). Impetigo most often affects children, especially the cleanliness underweight and could appear in any body part, but is most often found on the face, arms and legs. In adults, impetigo can occur after other skin diseases. Impetigo may also occur after an upper respiratory tract infection (eg flu or other viral infections). CAUSE Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. Impetigo can occur after an injury or a condition that causes a tear in the skin (eg fungal infections, because the sun burns or insect bites). Impetigo can also attack normal skin, especially on the limbs of children. SYMPTOMS Impetigo begins as an open wound that...

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Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Definition DKI is an inflammatory skin reaction nonimunologik, where damage occurs directly without any prior skin sensitization process. Irritant contact dermatitis (DKI) is an inflammation of the skin which manifests as erythema, mild edema and cracked. DKI is a non-specific response against chemical damage direct skin that release inflammatory mediators, mostly from epidermal cells. Etiology Causes of irritant contact dermatitis are materials that are irritants, such as solvents, detergents, lubricating oils, acids alkalis, sawdust, abrasive materials, enzymes, oils, concentrated salt solution, low molecular weight plastic or hygroscopic chemicals. Skin disorder that appears depends on several factors, including factors of the irritant itself,...

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